Comparison of pharmacokinetics of mega-3 fatty acid supplements in monoacylglycerol or ethyl ester in humans: a randomized controlled trial
Study Design:
- Double-blind, randomized, cross-over study with 10 men and women (18–60 years)
- Supplementation: A single oral dose of 3 g of n-3 FA esterified in EE or MAG
- Assessment: Plasma total lipids were extracted, methylated, and analyzed using gas chromatography. after 24 hours
Results:
After receiving the MAG form, plasma EPA and DHA peaked at a concentration 3 and 2.5 times higher,respectively, than with the EE form
Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7
Study Design:
Phase 1: Bioavailability Blood samples collected at baseline and multiple intervals (2–72 hours) after a single dose of Vitamin K1 or Menatto
Phase 2: Dose Dependence Blood samples taken 4 and 24 hours after single doses (50-500 mcg) of Menatto with a 2-week washout between doses
Phase 3: Osteocalcin Carboxylation Participants took Vitamin K1 or Menatto for 6 weeks, measuring the ratio of carboxylated (cOC) to uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC)
Phase 4: Interaction with Anticoagulants Various Menatto doses tested in participants treated with an anticoagulant drug
Results:
menatto® had a much longer half-life than vitamin K1, which allowed it to achieve more stable and much higher blood levels (7 to 8-fold higher) after prolonged intake
Pharmacokinetics of Supplemental Omega-3 Fatty Acids Esterified in Monoglycerides, Ethyl Esters, or Triglycerides in Adults in a Randomized Crossover Trial
Study Design:
- Triple-blind, randomized, cross-over study with 33 healthy adults (18–50 years)
- Supplementation: ~140 μg MK-7 in omega-3 fatty acid esters (MAGs, EEs, TGs) with low-fat meals.
- Assessment: Plasma MK-7 levels measured after 24 hours
Results:
The 24-h AUC of plasma MK-7 following the MAG supplementation was ~7 and ~11 times higher than those for the EE (P < 0.001) and TG (P<0.001)
conditions.
